Nurse practitioner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nurse practitioners (NP) are advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) who are educated and trained to provide health promotion and maintenance through the diagnosis and treatment of acute illness and chronic condition. According to the International Council of Nurses, an NP/advanced practice registered nurse is . A master's degree is recommended for entry level. NPs are qualified to diagnose medical problems, order treatments, perform advanced procedures, prescribe medications. In addition to building upon and expanding their nursing knowledge and skills, the nurse practitioner also learns medicine and uses medical diagnoses and medical treatments in their practice. NPs work in hospitals, private offices, clinics, and nursing homes/long term care facilities. Some nurse practitioners contract out their services for private duty. In the United States, depending upon the state in which they work, nurse practitioners may or may not be required to practice under the supervision of a physician. In consideration of the shortage of primary care/internal medicine physicians, many states are eliminating . With commensurate education and experience, nurse practitioners may specialize in areas such as cardiology, dermatology, oncology, pain management, surgical services, orthopedics, women's health, and other specialties. Similar to all healthcare professions, the core philosophy of the nurse practitioner role is individualized care that focuses on a patient's medical issues as well as the effects of illness on the life of a patient and his or her family. NPs tend to concentrate on a holistic approach to patient care, and they emphasize health promotion, patient education/counseling, and disease prevention. The main classifications of nurse practitioners are: adult (ANP); acute care (ACNP); gerontological (GNP); family (FNP); pediatric (PNP); neonatal (NNP); and psychiatric- mental health (PMHNP). Adult- gerontology primary care nurse practitioner (AGPCNP) is a classification that has recently evolved. In addition to providing a wide range of healthcare services, nurse practitioners may conduct research, teach, and are often active in patient advocacy and in the development of healthcare policy at the local, state, and national level. History. Nurse anesthetists and nurse midwives were established in the 1. The present day concept of the APRN as a primary care provider was created in the mid- 1. The first official training for nurse practitioners was created by Henry Silver, a physician, and Loretta Ford, a nurse, in 1. Browse accredited online nurse practitioner programs from dozens of schools offering both campus and e-learning options for earning an MSN or DNP degree. NP JobCenter; All About NPs. Family Health; Gerontology Health; Neonatal Health.
Scope of practice. Some NPs seek to work independently of physicians, while in some states a collaborative agreement with a physician is required for practice. Then, one must graduate from an accredited graduate (MSN) or doctoral (DNP) program. The typical curriculum for a nurse practitioner program includes courses in epidemiology; health promotion; advanced pathophysiology; physical assessment and diagnostic reasoning; advanced pharmacology; laboratory/radiography diagnostics; statistics and research methods; health policy; role development and leadership; acute and chronic disease management (e. Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) programs include additional, advanced coursework in biostatistics; research methods; clinical outcome measures; care of special populations; organizational management; informatics; and healthcare policy and economics. DNP programs also require completion of a research project/residency. Some nurse practitioners, as well as other APRN roles, may choose to pursue the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) as a terminal degree. The Ph. D in nursing focuses on nursing research and nursing education, while the DNP focuses more on clinical practice. There is an initiative to require the DNP as the entry level degree for all APRN roles, including the nurse practitioner, nurse anesthetist, and nurse midwife. Those who have a MSN but are currently practicing in an APRN role would be grandfathered into this change. Many universities have started to phase out MSN programs in lieu of this expected change and have devised BSN- DNP programs. NPs may elect to complete a postgraduate residency or fellowship. The majority of such programs focus on primary care; however, specialized programs (e. After completing the required education, the NP must pass a national board certifying exam in a specific population focus: acute care, family practice, women's health, pediatrics, adult- gerontology, neonatal, or psychiatric- mental health, which coincides with the type of program from which he or she graduated. After achieving board certification, the nurse practitioners must apply for additional credentials (e. APRN license, prescriptive authority, DEA registration number, etc.) at the state and federal level. The nurse practitioner must achieve a certain amount of continuing medical education (CME) credits and clinical practice hours in order to maintain certification and licensure. NPs are licensed through state boards of nursing. Australia. Although credentials vary by country, most NPs hold at least a master's degree worldwide. As of November 2. NPs were recognized legally in Israel. The law passed on November 2. The law was passed in response to a growing physician shortage in specific health care fields, similar to trends occurring worldwide. Nurse Practitioner titles were in the past bestowed on some advanced practice registered nurses in the Netherlands. The title has now changed to that of Nursing Specialist. The idea is still the same: a master's- degree- level independently licensed nurse capable of setting indications for treatment independent of an MD. In 2. 01. 5 the annual average earning for a nurse practitioner in the U. S. Much of the growth is expected to come as a result of advances in technology, leading to better health care and a greater variety of solutions for health problems. Also, life expectancy is getting longer; therefore more patients are living longer and living more active lives. It is further anticipated that the need for NPs will increase because of the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Moreover, the increasing number of procedures that were once only able to happen in hospitals is now able to happen in physicians' offices. That is mainly because of the expansion and easy access to new and better technology, but the need for NPs is expected to be greatest in places where people have long- term illnesses such as dementia or head trauma patients that are in need of extensive rehabilitation. Auerbach, Ph. D, the author and a health economist at RAND Corp. In addition, this site says that nurse practitioners are expected to double by 2. Auerbach also told American Medical News, . The new care models, such as the patient- centered medical home and accountable care organizations, really depend on nurse practitioners and physician assistants. This is mainly because this new Act allows millions of people the opportunity at medical attention that did not have it before, and because there are so many new people in need of medical attention, the need for medical professionals also grows. With the combination of this new Act, and the aging Baby Boomer population, there is expected to be a large increase in the need for medical staff, especially nurse practitioners. According to a study published in American Medical News, Nurse Practitioners jobs are expected to grow up to 1. Though there is some skepticism to these vast figures, they are backed up by many studies and the opinions of very well known medical professionals. For an example, a nurse practitioner would be able to prescribe medication without the oversight of a doctor. Many states are passing laws that allow for independent practice of nurse practitioners. Many nurses and other leaders in healthcare are advocating for overturning laws that require physicians to look over the work of NPs. International Council of Nurses (ICN) International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network. International Council of Nurses (ICN). Retrieved 2. 5 November 2. Retrieved 2. 5 November 2. Weblogs. baltimoresun. Family Practice Management. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. The Milbank Quarterly. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2. Mar. 2. 01. 3.^Fairman, Julie A.; Rowe, John W.; Hassmiller, Susan; Shalala, Donna E. The New England Journal of Medicine.
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What do you need? Try Multiboxing Software For Wow Free Download (and Multiboxing Software For Wow PDF) for 60-days. Then fill out our review survey here. First up, this is not a comprehensive guide of every in and out of multiboxing. I'm relatively new to it, and I'm letting you know how you can get started. What do you need? You will need at least two accounts, so yes, as many subs as you want characters. It's not cheap, alas, but it is a good way to get characters leveled fast with RAF, thanks to the +3. XP bonus. You'll also need the ability to run two or more copies of Wo. W on the same computer, or two computers networked together. The last thing you'll need is some way for the copies of Wo. W to communicate, and that is where it starts to get more complicated. How multiboxing usually works is that you will hit a key, say R, and it will fire whatever is bound to R on multiple copies of Wo. W. As mentioned, those copies can be on the same computer, or on different ones. So, say you have two elemental shaman, and both of them have Lightning Bolt bound to R. Hit R on Wo. W 1, and R will also activate on Wo. W 2. Both shaman fire their Lightning Bolt. If one shaman has Lightning Bolt on R, and the other has Healing Surge, they will each fire what they have bound. HotkeyNet is free multiboxing software. It's a hotkey program for gamers who play several characters at the same time. It lets you control several programs on your network from any keyboard no matter which PCs the programs. This product is not free. To get the most from any WoW multiboxing software it's advisable to always ensure that the features suit your needs. You can do it with the same spells or different, the same classes, or different. Communication between Worlds (of Warcraft)As someone who was just giving it a go, I didn't want to spend money. So paid- for software was no good from the out. I also didn't want to do anything too complicated, so all I really needed was a way to duplicate my key- presses from one Wo. W to another. I looked into it on various sites, and after trying a few other options, decided to give Hot. Key. Net a go. It's a free application, which you download, and then you'll need to load up a script. When have I ever asked you to code before? What you're going to do instead is use this Wo. W standard script. Copy it into a Notepad document, call it something really obvious, and save it in the same directory as you put Hot. Key. Net itself in. It's for two Wo. W installs on one PC, but there are also scripts for other arrangements. I won't pretend to know how to set it up over 2 PCs, but the Hot. Key. Net site has great guides. OK, you've got the application, you've got the script. Change nothing at all in the script for now. Fire up two copies of Wo. W from your two accounts, and bind something you can hear going off, and that requires no target, to 1 in both windows. Make sure you have Sound in Background enabled in the system menu. Ensure your Scroll Lock is on. Open Hot. Key. Net, click . Hopefully you'll hear both spells going off! Hopefully it's working. If not, check that your windows are renamed, then check that your scroll lock is on, then check that the script is loaded by clicking . If it's still not working, shut everything down and try again from the start. If you really can't get it going leave a comment and I'll try to help! Editing the Script. Alright, I said I wouldn't ask you to code, but it's barely code at all. I wanted to show you how easy it is to edit the script. Let's start with the scroll lock for activation. On my laptop, I couldn't work out how to turn on Scroll Lock, so I changed the activation to Num. Lock. I later figured it out and changed it back. I also wanted it to broadcast two of my number pad keys, as I use a Logitech G6. If you open Hot. Key. Net's main window, look to the top right frame, and hit a key, it will tell you what that key is called. See the original, then my modified version below: Hopefully you can see that I decided I didn't want it to broadcast my main keyboard (A- Z) and did want it to broadcast Numpad. Numpad. 5. I also wanted arrow key down (Down) to stop /follow. Eagle eyed readers will note that the exception is now irrelevant, but I left it in there so I had an example of how you do exceptions. Multi- boxing control my way. I'm not going to pretend I'm an expert at this. So I'm going to tell you how I have my controls set up, and you can pass swift and heavy judgement in the comments. Home D3 WoW LOTRO EQ1 EQ2 RIFT. Download ISBoxer: ISBoxer is free software for Lavish Software's Inner Space. Multiboxing 101 submitted 108 days ago by violetreaper World of Warcraft. This can be done by using Multiboxing software or Multiboxing hardware. In addition, you will need to learn many multiboxing strategies. It is not necessary to have multiple WoW directories on a machine to run multiple WoW. Multi-boxing The neutrality of this article is. Starter Edition is one example which has unlimited play for free. The Chronicles of Spellborn and Rift allow hardware multiboxing, but prohibit software multiboxing. Macros are key to this, allowing you to put together sequences to cast spells. So, for example, on my Mage, I have this very simple macro/assist . Well, Arcane Explosion. I also have a Weak. Aura that plays a noise when Arcane Missiles procs, and a separate assist macro for that. The character I'm playing in my main screen does the movement, I have a /follow . It's no harder than controlling a hunter pet while also tanking. On that note, though, if you're planning on leveling two separate classes via RAF, pick one you know. This is exactly what I'm doing, I've got a new account on US servers, and I'm trying to fill it with the same number of characters as I have on my EU account. So the pair I've started with is a paladin tank, a spec I know inside out, with an arcane mage, a spec that's relatively simple to play. Why am I not using two of the same class? Well, I want to level the classes I want at 9. This is a functional thing for me, it's utility. Hopefully that's enough information to get you started. If there's stuff that's unclear, please let me know, it's meant to be simple enough that anyone could understand it. I'm certainly having fun with my dastardly duo, and perhaps you can too! Do tell me your stories! Wo. W Add. Ons - . Curse. Forge. This mod will allow you to manage multiple accounts in a way that will allow you to spend more time playing rather configuring your multibox by hand. Some future features include: 1. 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Non- stimulant medications with a specific indication for ADHD include atomoxetine (Strattera), guanfacine (Intuniv), and clonidine (Kapvay). Other medicines which may be prescribed off- label include bupropion (Wellbutrin), tricyclic antidepressants, SNRIs, or MAOIs. So it is recommended to assess and simultaneously treat any comorbid disorders. Improving the surrounding home and school environment with parent management training and classroom management can improve the behavior of children with ADHD. Self- control training programs have been shown to have limited effectiveness. As of 2. 00. 6 there was a shortage of data regarding ADHD drugs' potential adverse effects. The approaches include psychotherapy, cognitive- behavior therapy, support groups, parent training, meditation, and social skills training. Parent education and classroom management. Techniques include operant conditioning: a consistent application of rewards for meeting goals and good behavior (positive reinforcement) and punishments such as time- outs or revocation of privileges for failing to meet goals or poor behavior. Strategies utilized include increased structuring of classroom activities, daily feedback, and token economy. The authors concluded that . The stimulant medications indicated to treat ADHD are methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall). This is especially helpful for children who do not like taking their medication in the middle of the school day. Several controlled- release methods are used. Stimulants used to treat ADHD raise the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmittersdopamine and norepinephrine, which increases cellular communication between neurons that utilize these compounds. The therapeutic benefits are due to noradrenergic effects at the locus coeruleus and the prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic effects at the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex. FDA has added black- box warnings to some ADHD medications, warning that abuse can lead to psychotic episodes, psychological dependence, and that severe depression may occur during withdrawal from abusive use. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ADHD: four amphetamine- based formulations, two methylphenidate- based formulations, and dextromethamphetamine hydrochloride. Atomoxetine, guanfacine and clonidine are the only non- controlled, non- stimulant FDA approved drugs for the treatment of ADHD. Short- term clinical trials have shown medications to be effective for treating ADHD, but the trials usually use exclusion criteria, meaning knowledge of medications for ADHD is based on a small subset of the typical patients seen in clinical practice. This class of medicines is generally regarded as one unit; however, they affect the brain differently. They have an impermeable occlusive backing film that prevents intensive water loss from the skin beneath the patch; the formulation matrix of the patch maintains the drug concentration gradient within the device after. Clinical data; Trade names: Exelon: AHFS/Drugs.com: Monograph: MedlinePlus: a602009: Pregnancy category. Routes of administration: Oral, transdermal patch: Legal status; Legal status. Levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine have the same chemical formula but are mirror images of each other, the same way that a person's hands are the same but are mirror images of each other. This mirror difference is enough to produce a small difference in their pharmacological properties; levoamphetamine has a slightly longer half- life than dextroamphetamine, but dextroamphetamine is a more potent central nervous system stimulant. Adhesives are a critical component in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) devices. In addition to the usual requirements of functional adhesive properties, adhesives for TDD applications must have good biocompatibility. Although it is effective in reducing primary ADHD symptoms such as hyperactivity and inattention, multiple adverse side effects presented. Included in these were headaches, anxiety, nausea and insomnia. Some children with ADHD and comorbid disorders respond well to levoamphetamine. Both isomers have the same chemical formula but are mirror images of each other, the same way that a person's hands are the same but are mirror images of each other. Unlike amphetamine, the difference in pharmacological properties between d- MPH and l- MPH is significant, as l- MPH is markedly inferior to d- MPH in its effects, which is due to a number of major differences between the isomers. A quarter of methamphetamine will ultimately become amphetamine. Although it is only rarely prescribed, anecdotal reports suggest methamphetamine may be very helpful in cases where other ADHD medications are ineffective, or cause limiting side effects. FDA black box warning regarding suicidal ideation. Its beneficial actions are likely due to its ability to strengthen prefrontal cortical regulation of attention and behavior. Clonidine was initially developed as a treatment for high blood pressure. Low doses in evenings and/or afternoons are sometimes used in conjunction with stimulants to help with sleep and because clonidine sometimes helps moderate impulsive and oppositional behavior and may reduce tics. FDA requires two clinical trials to prove a potential drug's safety and efficacy in treating ADHD. The drugs below have not been through these tests, so the efficacy is unproven (however these drugs have been licensed for other indications, so have been proven to be safe in those populations), however proper dosage and usage instructions are not as well characterized. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is classified as an atypical antidepressant. It is the most common of off- label prescription for ADHD. It is commonly prescribed as a timed release formulation to decrease the risk of side effects. Modafinil (Provigil, Alertec) is a wakefulness- promoting agent that operates primarily as a selective, relatively weak, and atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Double- blind randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and tolerability of modafinil in pediatric ADHD,? Adderall. 3: 1 mix of d- amp and l- amp. Dexamfetamine. Dexedrine,Dexrostat. Yes (children . This is a prodrug formulation of d- amp. Methylphenidate. Ritalin,Concerta. No significant advantages over methylphenidate at equipotent dosages. Metamfetamine. Desoxyn. Level of support enough to potentially gain approval for pediatric ADHD, however the FDA rejected approval due to concerns over serious skin reactions. Insufficient data to judge its relative efficacy. Only the more sedating, immediate- release formulations are available in some countries, including Australia. May be slightly less efficacious than stimulant medications. Probably less efficacious than atomoxetine and classical stimulant medications in children. May be slightly more effective than atomoxetine in adults, however. Buspirone. Buspar. Being a 5- HT1. A receptor partial agonist may afford it the ability to increase dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Not available in the US. Nortriptyline. Pamelor,Allegron. Not available in the US. Venlafaxine. Effexor. At least two case reports have documented the successful use of the drug in the treatment of ADHD. One positive case report and additional theoretical (e. The (D: L) ratio of the free base is approximately 3. There have been few longitudinal studies on the long- term effects of stimulant use in children. Prescriptions for children under the age of 5 rose nearly 5. It was also found that children at this age are more sensitive to side effects and should be closely monitored. Severe weight loss is very uncommon though. Loss of appetite is very temporary and typically comes back as daily effects of stimulates wear off. Nausea, dizziness, and headaches, other side effect, can also indirectly affect appetite and result in weight loss. Postmarketing reports were also analyzed, with nearly half of them involving children under the age of eleven. Approximately 9. 0% of cases had no reported previous history of similar psychiatric events. Hallucinations involving snakes, worms or insects were the most commonly reported symptoms. Signs that the stimulant dose is too high include irritability, feeling stimulated or blunting of affect and personality. Additionally, long- acting medications for ADHD, in comparison to short- acting varieties, generally seem to be cost- effective. FDA for use in the treatment of ADHD. While an effective agent for managing the symptoms, the development of liver failure in 1. New delivery systems for medications were invented in 1. These new systems include pellets of medication coated with various time- release substances to permit medications to dissolve hourly across an 8. In 2. 00. 7, lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) became the first prodrug for ADHD to receive FDA approval. Alternative medicine. Neurofeedback alerts the patient when beta waves are present. This theory believes that those with ADHD can train themselves to decrease ADHD symptoms. However a 2. 00. 9 article in the Harvard Mental Health Letter states, . Furthermore, megadoses of vitamins, which can be toxic, must be avoided. It has been found that it might be effective in some children but as the published studies have been of low quality results can be more related to research problems such as publication bias. The FDA is not set up to address this issue, and does not approve medications for comorbidities, nonetheless certain such topics have been extensively researched. Tic disorders. Patients who have ADHD along with tics or tic disorders may also have problems with disruptive behaviors, overall functioning, and cognitive function, accounted for by the comorbid ADHD. Past medical practice held that stimulants (such as Ritalin) could not be used in the presence of tics, due to concern that their use might worsen tics. Bloomfield Parks & Recreation Department. 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How do I disable script blocking programs? Preferred Solution: disable script blocking programs? I recommend downloading and running Reimage. It's a computer repair tool that has been. Writing Code with Visual Basic . NET . Although Visual Basic . NET. makes it easy to write a simple program without using much code, any program. What Do I Need To Write Visual Basic Programs On LinuxTo write code that performs these tasks, you'll need. By understanding the use and types of variables. Compatibility ends with Visual Basic version 6; VBA is incompatible with. Visual Basic for Applications programs which are written to use the OLE Automation interface of one application cannot be used to automate. I need to write a program to assign twenty teams to play one another for 14 weeks. How do I write program in visual basic? Can i write BASIC or VISUAL BASIC programs on the internet? Visual Basic . NET. Today, you will learn. The types of variables you can create with Visual Basic . NETSome simple operators and functions available in Visual Basic . NETThe fundamentals of writing code in Visual Basic . NET, including how to. Variables and Assignment. Learn how to write card programs using classes in this. Programming Card Games. The bottom line is that if you're going to be a Visual Basic game programmer, you need to know how to use VB to. Variables and assignment are at the core of every programming language. It's a place to hold information until you need. You will use variables throughout your programs to hold temporary values. Available Variable Types. Just as with pants, one size does not fit all variables. Although it is. possible to create and use a variable that is capable of holding anything. It's easy to imagine that a. In addition, even different types of numbers require different. Some numbers, such as 1 or 5. A variable made to hold a number. Of course, that means that decimal numbers probably take up. Any time a computer or program does more work, it usually needs. So, it is important to keep in mind not only the type of. Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed to accommodate a steep learning curve. Programmers can create both simple and complex GUI applications. Programming in VB is a combination of. A great service that what do i need to write visual basic programs is typically difficult to teach, the personal statement pediatric hematology oncology fellowship leading tone in an. Why do you need to declare variables? Visual Basic wants you to identify the name and the. Working with Visual Basic. How do i write a basic. Microsoft released Visual Basic in 1987. It was the first visual development tool. Why do it like the poor old 'C' programmer who would have to. Write the code to direct. Although Visual Basic.NET makes it easy to write a simple program without using much code, any program simpler than a demo will need to keep track of information, and do simple. There are three broad types of variables you can create with Visual Basic. NET. The first set encompasses variables that hold simple values, such as. There are many of these, each designed to hold values of. The second category is complex variables, which hold some. The. third category of variables is object variables. User- defined types (also known as structures) and object variables. Day 7, . So, you might think that there only needs to be two. However, there are actually a number of. Try to use the best variable type for the situation. Sometimes, you only need. Other times, you need to work with big numbers with. The simple variables can be divided into four subgroups. The first, and. largest, group is for integers, numbers that have no decimal places. The second. group is used for numbers that have decimal places. Strings and characters make. Integers are one of the most common variables. Because of. this ease, they should be your first choice as a variable type when you need to. Table 3. 1 shows a number of different integer variables, each. The amount of memory used is measured in bytes. In addition, it could cause your program to run slower because it would. Table 3. 1 Integer Variable Types. Data Type. Size (Bytes)Range. Comments. Byte. 10 to 2. Rather small, and unlike the other integer data types, the Byte. This is because the Byte represents. In. order to store negative numbers, the computer uses part of each byte to. This is useful when keeping track. Short. 2–3. 2,7. 68 to. A handy, small integer variable. You can use a Short whenever. Integer, for example. Integer. 4–2,1. 47,4. The standard integer variable. For the most part, the Integer. One use for a variable of this type would. New Zealand (approximately 4. Long. 8–9,2. 23,3. The perfect variable type for those times when you are working with really. A Long. would be useful if you were tracking the number of stars in the universe. Numbers with Decimal Places. A lot of number crunching is done without decimal places. However, more. calculations, especially in engineering, finance, and science, require that you. Table 3. 2 describes the two main decimal variable. Deciding which to use depends on the degree of accuracy you need to. In case you don't remember scientific notation from school, the. Therefore 1. 06 is 1. Table 3. 2 Decimal Variable Types. Data Type. Size (Bytes)Range. Comments. Single. Don't worry too much about the size of those numbers in the range. The name Single. denotes that this variable type is for single- precision floating point. That's computer- speak meaning: . Notice that each of them has a number before the. So, although the Single is good at storing both large. The Single variable type would be useful. Double. 8–1. 7. 97. The Double is a . Use a Double whenever you are doing calculations. Single, such as whendoing calculations. Strings and Characters. Numbers are fine if you need to track quantities or time, but you also need. Visual Basic . NET gives you. Char and the String. The. Char is good for storing only a single character (thus the name). String can hold strings of great length. Table 3. 3. describes the two data types in more detail. Table 3. 3 String Variable Types. Data Type. Size (bytes)Range. Comments. Char. 2One character. Good for holding a single character. String. 10 + 2 per character. Up to 2 billion characters. Use a String to hold that novel you always wanted to write. After all, there are only 2. English, plus numbers and symbols—surely, you don't need two bytes. You wouldn't if every language used the same. That scenario is what the formerly popular ASCII (or ANSI) character. In ASCII, one byte equals one character, and every computer that. ASCII always positioned the same characters at the same position in the. So the ASCII value 6. If you wanted to do the same for all the. To. accommodate this, a new system was developed, called Unicode. With Unicode, each character is represented as two bytes. This allows for the. ASCII chart, as well as characters for. Russian, Greek, Japanese and Thai languages, for mathematics, and so on. In. Unicode, 6. 5 still represents the letter . The Japanese Hiragana. Visual Basic . NET uses the Unicode values. Char uses two bytes, and each character. String adds two bytes of additional storage space. Other Simple Variable Types. It never fails when you try to categorize things. Something always defies. In Visual Basic . NET, there are two such. Visual Basic has traditionally used 0 and –1 for. False and True. Defining these two values requires two. Date. 8January 1, 1. December 3. 1, 9. The Date variable is capable of holding most dates you will. It also is aware. Date variable value of . NOTE You could use another data type to store dates such as a. String, or an Integer representing the number of days after. We all know the problems that can lead to. January 1, 2. 00. Declaring Variables. Now that you know the types of variables available, how do you create them in. The simplest way is with the Dim (short for. It looks like. Dim i. Some. Number As Integer. This would create the new variable i. Some. Number, which takes up four. Here are some more. Dim s. First. Name As String. Dim dbl. Gross. Domestic. Product As Double. Dim b. Learned As Boolean. One new feature in Visual Basic . NET is the capability to give a value to a. You simply assign a value to the new variable. Dim statement: Dim dt. Date. Of. Magna. Carta. Signing As Date = #June 1. Dim l. People. On. Earth As Long = 6. We'll look at some other ways of declaring variables later, when we. Arrays. A variable's capability to hold one of anything is handy, even. However, you might need to store a number of related. For example, if you were writing a program to play chess, the squares on. You use. arrays to create variables that will store all the related items. For the chess program, you would likely store the chessboard as an. If you did not use an array variable, you would have to use 6. You might also need to track a list of strings, for example. Whenever you need to store a list of. As with declaring simple variables, you declare an array with the. Dim keyword. However, there are some differences between simple. Listing 3. 1 shows three possible ways of declaring arrays. Listing 3. 1 Declaring Arrays 1 'Simple declaration. Dim i. Values(3) As Integer. Dim dt. Dates() As Date. Dim I As Integer. For I = 1 To 3. 6 i. Values(I- 1) = I. Changing the size of an existing array. Re. Dim dt. Dates(4). Dates(0)=. That much should make sense. The. potentially confusing part is in the way you refer to each member of the array. Notice. that the three members of the array are actually numbered beginning with 0 and. Therefore, the second member of the array is at position 1, not. NOTE It's worth noting that computers, unlike people, always prefer to. The overall reasons are best left in the recesses of. The second array created, the months of the year, is declared and. Just as you can initialize simple variables as you declare them. This creates a 1. Remember, however, that if you wanted to refer to each. Months(1. 0) would be. This array can be. Re. Dim keyword as shown on. Just as with the other array types, the items of the dynamic array are. I minus 1. After the array is sized, you can then use it as. This form of declaration is useful if the size of the array. CAUTIONI have repeated the fact that all arrays begin with 0 in Visual. Basic . NET because, previously, Visual Basic might not have operated that way. Alternatively, when declaring. Neither of these options is available with Visual Basic. NET arrays. Therefore, the following line of code is not valid in Visual Basic . NET: Dim sng. Values(1. To 5. 1) As Single. Assignment. Assignment has been simplified in Visual Basic . NET. Earlier Visual Basic. Visual Basic 4. 0 to 6. Fortunately, the developers of Visual Basic . NET. decided to remove the assignment method used for object variables, and rely only. You assign values to variables (either. Some. Var = 1. 23. Object. Var = New Something()NOTE In Visual Basic version 4. Some. Var = 1. 23. Set o. Object. Var = New Something. However, the rules of when to use Set were confusing, so Microsoft. Set keyword. Constants. Constants are another class of values that you can use in your Visual Basic. NET programs. Constants are values that do not change, either for the. For example, the months in a year, the value. You can define a value as being constant when you declare it. Constants are declared using one of the two. Const PI = 3. 1. 41. As Double. Const DSN As String = . However, it does not always select the. Generally, when declaring constants, if you do not include. Visual Basic . NET will create the following variable. Long For any undeclared whole numbers. Double For any undeclared decimal numbers. Note: If the value is. Double, it will be truncated. String For any character values. What to Know about Visual Basic. Ipernity/Flikr/CC BY 2. October 2. 3, 2. 01. Visual Basic was originally created to make it easier to write programs for the Windows computer operating system. The basis of Visual Basic is an earlier programming language called BASIC that was invented by Dartmouth College professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. Visual Basic is often referred to using just the initials, VB. Visual Basic is easily the most widely used computer programming system in the history of software. Is Visual Basic just a programming language or is it more than that? It's more. Visual Basic was one of the first systems that made it practical to write programs for the Windows operating system. This was possible because VB included software tools to automatically create the detailed programming required by Windows. What Can The Apple Watch Do And Do I Need One? These software tools not only create Windows programs, they also take full advantage of the graphical way that Windows works by letting programmers . This is why it's called . One of the major reasons why Visual Basic has been so successful is that it includes everything that is necessary to write programs for Windows. Is there more than one version of Visual Basic? Yes. Since 1. 99. Microsoft, there have been nine versions of Visual Basic up to VB. NET 2. 00. 5, the current version. The first six versions were all called Visual Basic. In 2. 00. 2, Microsoft introduced Visual Basic . NET 1. 0, a completely redesigned and rewritten version that was a key part of a much larger computer architecture. The first six versions were all . That means that later versions of VB could handle programs written with an earlier version. Because the . NET architecture was such a radical change, earlier versions of Visual Basic have to be rewritten before they can be used with . NET. Many programmers still prefer Visual Basic 6. Will Microsoft stop supporting Visual Basic 6 and earlier versions? This depends on what you mean by . The next version of the Windows operating system, Windows Vista, will still run Visual Basic 6 programs and future versions of Windows might run them too. On the other hand, Microsoft now charges big fees for any help for VB 6 software problems and soon they won't provide it at all. Microsoft doesn't sell VB 6 anymore so it's difficult to find. It's clear that Microsoft is doing everything they can to discourage the continued use of Visual Basic 6 and encourage the adoption of Visual Basic . NET. Many programmers believe that Microsoft was wrong to abandon Visual Basic 6 because their customers have put so much investment into it over more than ten years. As a result, Microsoft has earned a lot of ill will from some VB 6 programmers and some have moved to other languages rather than move to VB. NET. This might be a mistake. See the next item. Is Visual Basic . NET really an improvement? Absolutely yes! All of . NET is truly revolutionary and gives programmers a much more capable, efficient and flexible way to write computer software. Visual Basic . NET is a key part of this revolution. At the same time, Visual Basic . NET is clearly more difficult to learn and use. The vastly improved capability does come at a fairly high cost of technical complexity. Microsoft helps to make up for this increased technical difficulty by providing even more software tools in . NET to help programmers. Most programmers agree that VB. NET is such a huge leap forward that it's worth it. Isn't Visual Basic only for lower skilled programmers and simple systems? This was something that programmers using programming languages like C, C++, and Java used to say before Visual Basic . NET. Back then, there was some truth to the charge, although on the other side of the argument was the fact that excellent programs could be written faster and cheaper with Visual Basic than with any of those languages. VB. NET is the equal of any programming technology anywhere. In fact, the resulting program using the . NET version of the C programming language, called C#. NET, is virtually identical with the same program written in VB. NET. The only real difference today is programmer preference. |
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